Diarization - This process is called speech diarization and can be acchieved using the pyannote-audio library. This is based on PyTorch and hosted on the huggingface site. Here is some code for using it, mostly adapted from code from Dwarkesh Patel. To do this you need a recent GPU probably with at least 6-8GB of VRAM to load the medium model.

 
“Diarize” means making a note or keeping an event in a diary. Speaker diarization, like keeping a record of events in such a diary, addresses the question of …. Totaldirectbank

In this paper, we propose a fully supervised speaker diarization approach, named unbounded interleaved-state recurrent neural networks (UIS-RNN). Given extracted speaker-discriminative embeddings (a.k.a. d-vectors) from input utterances, each individual speaker is modeled by a parameter-sharing RNN, while the RNN states for different …Speaker diarization, which is to find the speech segments of specific speakers, has been widely used in human-centered applications such as video conferences or human-computer interaction systems. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised audio-video synchronization learning method to address the problem of speaker diarization …Find papers, benchmarks, datasets and libraries for speaker diarization, the task of segmenting and co-indexing audio recordings by speaker. Compare models, methods and results for various …The definition of each term: Reference Length: The total length of the reference (ground truth). False Alarm: Length of segments which are considered as speech in hypothesis, but not in reference.; Miss: Length of segments which are considered as speech in reference, but not in hypothesis.; Overlap: Length of segments which are considered as overlapped …In Majdoddin/nlp, I use pyannote-audio, a speaker diarization toolkit by Hervé Bredin, to identify the speakers, and then match it with the transcriptions of Whispr. Check the result here . Edit: To make it easier to match the transcriptions to diarizations by speaker change, Sarah Kaiser suggested runnnig the pyannote.audio first and then just …To gauge our new diarization model’s performance in terms of inference speed, we compared the total turnaround time (TAT) for ASR + diarization against leading competitors using repeated ASR requests (with diarization enabled) for each model/vendor in the comparison. Speed tests were performed with the same static 15-minute file.Dec 14, 2022 · High level overview of what's happening with OpenAI Whisper Speaker Diarization:Using Open AI's Whisper model to seperate audio into segments and generate tr... The cost is between $1 to $3 per hour. Besides cost, STT vendors treat Speaker Diarization as a feature that exists or not without communicating its performance. Picovoice’s open-source Speaker Diarization benchmark shows the performance of Speaker Diarization capabilities of Big Tech STT engines varies. Also, there is a flow of …The Process of Speaker Diarization. The typical workflow for speaker diarization involves several steps: Voice Activity Detection (VAD): This step identifies whether a segment of audio contains ...Falcon Speaker Diarization identifies speakers in an audio stream by finding speaker change points and grouping speech segments based on speaker voice characteristics. Powered by deep learning, Falcon Speaker Diarization enables machines and humans to read and analyze conversation transcripts created by Speech-to-Text APIs or SDKs.Apr 12, 2024 · Therefore, speaker diarization is an essential feature for a speech recognition system to enrich the transcription with speaker labels. To figure out “who spoke when”, speaker diarization systems need to capture the characteristics of unseen speakers and tell apart which regions in the audio recording belong to which speaker. Jul 22, 2023 · Speaker diarization is the process of automatically segmenting and identifying different speakers in an audio recording. The goal of speaker diarization is to partition the audio stream into ... Speaker diarization (aka Speaker Diarisation) is the process of splitting audio or video inputs automatically based on the speaker's identity. It helps you answer the question "who spoke when?". With the recent application and advancement in deep learning over the last few years, the ability to verify and identify speakers automatically (with …Speaker diarization is the process of segmenting audio recordings by speaker labels and aims to answer the question “who spoke when?”. Speaker diarization ma...Speaker Diarization pipeline based on OpenAI Whisper I'd like to thank @m-bain for Wav2Vec2 forced alignment, @mu4farooqi for punctuation realignment algorithm. Please, star the project on github (see top-right corner) if …The term Diarization was initially associated with the task of detecting and segmenting homogeneous audio regions based on speaker identity. This task, widely known as speaker diariza-tion (SD), generates the answer for “who spoke when”. In the past few years, the term diarization has also been used in lin-guistic context.As the demand for accurate and efficient speaker diarization systems continues to grow, it becomes essential to compare and evaluate the existing models. …Focusing on the Interspeech-2024 theme, i.e., Speech and Beyond, the DISPLACE-2024 challenge aims to address research issues related to speaker and language diarization along with Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) in an inclusive manner. The goal of the challenge is to establish new benchmarks for speaker …To develop diarization methods for these challenging videos, we create the AVA Audio-Visual Diarization (AVA-AVD) dataset. Our experiments demonstrate that adding AVA-AVD into training set can produce significantly better diarization models for in-the-wild videos despite that the data is relatively small.Extract feats feats, feats_lengths = self._extract_feats(speech, speech_lengths) # 2. Data augmentation if self.specaug is not None and self.training: feats, feats_lengths = self.specaug(feats, feats_lengths) # 3. Normalization for feature: e.g. Global-CMVN, Utterance-CMVN if self.normalize is not None: feats, feats_lengths = self.normalize ...Speaker diarisation (or diarization) is the process of partitioning an audio stream containing human speech into homogeneous segments according to the identity of each speaker. It can enhance the readability of an automatic speech transcription by structuring the audio stream into speaker turns … See moreDec 1, 2012 · Abstract. Speaker indexing or diarization is an important task in audio processing and retrieval. Speaker diarization is the process of labeling a speech signal with labels corresponding to the identity of speakers. This paper includes a comprehensive review on the evolution of the technology and different approaches in speaker indexing and ... This paper introduces 3D-Speaker-Toolkit, an open source toolkit for multi-modal speaker verification and diarization. It is designed for the needs of academic researchers and industrial practitioners. The 3D-Speaker-Toolkit adeptly leverages the combined strengths of acoustic, semantic, and visual data, seamlessly fusing these modalities to ...As the demand for accurate and efficient speaker diarization systems continues to grow, it becomes essential to compare and evaluate the existing models. …Speaker diarization, a fundamental step in automatic speech recognition and audio processing, focuses on identifying and separating distinct speakers within an audio recording. Its objective is to divide the audio into segments while precisely identifying the speakers and their respective speaking intervals.The term Diarization was initially associated with the task of detecting and segmenting homogeneous audio regions based on speaker identity. This task, widely known as speaker diariza-tion (SD), generates the answer for “who spoke when”. In the past few years, the term diarization has also been used in lin-guistic context.Speaker diarization aims to answer the question of “who spoke when”. In short: diariziation algorithms break down an audio stream of multiple speakers into segments corresponding to the individual speakers. By combining the information that we get from diarization with ASR transcriptions, we can transform the generated transcript …The term Diarization was initially associated with the task of detecting and segmenting homogeneous audio regions based on speaker identity. This task, widely known as speaker diariza-tion (SD), generates the answer for “who spoke when”. In the past few years, the term diarization has also been used in lin-guistic context.ArXiv. 2020. TLDR. Experimental results show that the proposed speaker-wise conditional inference method can correctly produce diarization results with a …Speaker diarization, which is to find the speech seg-ments of specific speakers, has been widely used in human-centered applications such as video conferences or human …For many years, i-vector based audio embedding techniques were the dominant approach for speaker verification and speaker diarization applications. However, mirroring the rise of deep learning in various domains, neural network based audio embeddings, also known as d-vectors, have consistently demonstrated superior speaker …To get the final transcription, we’ll align the timestamps from the diarization model with those from the Whisper model. The diarization model predicted the first speaker to end at 14.5 seconds, and the second speaker to start at 15.4s, whereas Whisper predicted segment boundaries at 13.88, 15.48 and 19.44 seconds respectively.Jul 1, 2023 · Diarization systems started to incorporate machine learning models such as Gaussian mixture models (GMM). A key work was the one of Reynolds et al. (2000) which introduced the speaker-independent GMM-Universal Background Model (GMM-UBM) for speaker verification. In this work, each vector of features is derived in a data-driven fashion from a ... Speaker diarization: This is another beneficial feature of Azure AI Speech that identifies individual speakers in an audio file and labels their speech segments. This feature allows customers to distinguish between speakers, accurately transcribe their words, and create a more organized and structured transcription of audio files.diarization technologies, both in the space of modularized speaker diarization systems before the deep learning era and those based on neural networks of recent years, a proper group-ing would be helpful.The main categorization we adopt in this paper is based on two criteria, resulting total of four categories, as shown in Table1.View PDF Abstract: End-to-end neural diarization (EEND) with encoder-decoder-based attractors (EDA) is a promising method to handle the whole speaker diarization problem simultaneously with a single neural network. While the EEND model can produce all frame-level speaker labels simultaneously, it disregards output label …The Process of Speaker Diarization. The typical workflow for speaker diarization involves several steps: Voice Activity Detection (VAD): This step identifies whether a segment of audio contains ...Speaker indexing or diarization is an important task in audio processing and retrieval. Speaker diarization is the process of labeling a speech signal with labels corresponding …Diart is a python framework to build AI-powered real-time audio applications. Its key feature is the ability to recognize different speakers in real time with state-of-the-art performance, a task commonly known as “speaker diarization”. The pipeline diart.SpeakerDiarization combines a speaker segmentation and a speaker embedding model to ...Dec 1, 2012 · Abstract. Speaker indexing or diarization is an important task in audio processing and retrieval. Speaker diarization is the process of labeling a speech signal with labels corresponding to the identity of speakers. This paper includes a comprehensive review on the evolution of the technology and different approaches in speaker indexing and ... Mar 8, 2023 · Recently, end-to-end neural diarization (EEND) is introduced and achieves promising results in speaker-overlapped scenarios. In EEND, speaker diarization is formulated as a multi-label prediction problem, where speaker activities are estimated independently and their dependency are not well considered. To overcome these disadvantages, we employ the power set encoding to reformulate speaker ... Speaker Diarization. The Speaker Diarization model lets you detect multiple speakers in an audio file and what each speaker said. If you enable Speaker Diarization, the resulting transcript will return a list of utterances, where each utterance corresponds to an uninterrupted segment of speech from a single speaker. Channel Diarization enables each channel in multi-channel audio to be transcribed separately and collated into a single transcript. This provides perfect diarization at the channel level as well as better handling of cross-talk between channels. Using Channel Diarization, files with up to 100 separate input channels are supported. SpeechBrain is an open-source PyTorch toolkit that accelerates Conversational AI development, i.e., the technology behind speech assistants, chatbots, and large language models. It is crafted for fast and easy creation of advanced technologies for Speech and Text Processing.Speaker Diarization. Speaker diarization, an application of speaker identification technology, is defined as the task of deciding “who spoke when,” in which speech versus nonspeech decisions are made and speaker changes are marked in the detected speech.Mar 21, 2024 · Clustering speaker embeddings is crucial in speaker diarization but hasn't received as much focus as other components. Moreover, the robustness of speaker diarization across various datasets hasn't been explored when the development and evaluation data are from different domains. To bridge this gap, this study thoroughly examines spectral clustering for both same-domain and cross-domain ... Simplified diarization pipeline using some pretrained models. Made to be a simple as possible to go from an input audio file to diarized segments. import soundfile as sf import matplotlib. pyplot as plt from simple_diarizer. diarizer import Diarizer from simple_diarizer. utils import combined_waveplot diar = Diarizer ...Download the balanced bilingual code-switched corpora soapies_balanced_corpora.tar.gz and unzip it to a directory of your choice. tar -xf soapies_balanced_corpora.tar.gz -C /path/to/corpora. Set up your environment. This step is optional (the main dependencies are PyTorch and Pytorch Lightning ), but you'll hit snags along the way, which may be ...View a PDF of the paper titled NTT speaker diarization system for CHiME-7: multi-domain, multi-microphone End-to-end and vector clustering diarization, by Naohiro Tawara and 3 other authors View PDF Abstract: This paper details our speaker diarization system designed for multi-domain, multi-microphone casual conversations.Aug 16, 2022 · Speaker diarization is a process of separating individual speakers in an audio stream so that, in the automatic speech recognition transcript, each speaker's utterances are separated. Learn how speaker diarization works, why it is important, what are the common use cases and metrics, and how Deepgram can help you with this task. Speaker diarization is a task to label audio or video recordings with classes that correspond to speaker identity, or in short, a task to identify “who spoke when”. In the early years, speaker diarization algorithms were developed for speech recognition on multispeaker audio recordings to enable speaker adaptive processing.Diarization methods can be broadly divided into two categories: clustering-based and end-to-end supervised systems. The former typically employs a pipeline comprised of voice activity detec-tion (VAD), speaker embedding extraction and clustering [3–6]. End-to-end neural diarization (EEND) reformulates the task as a multi-label classification.In this paper, we propose a fully supervised speaker diarization approach, named unbounded interleaved-state recurrent neural networks (UIS-RNN). Given extracted speaker-discriminative embeddings (a.k.a. d-vectors) from input utterances, each individual speaker is modeled by a parameter-sharing RNN, while the RNN states for different …Speaker diarization is an innovative field that delves into the ‘who’ and ‘when’ of spoken language recordings. It defines a process that segments and clusters speech data from multiple speakers, breaking down raw multichannel audio into distinct, homogeneous regions associated with individual speaker identities.S peaker diarization is the process of partitioning an audio stream with multiple people into homogeneous segments associated with each individual. It is an important part of speech recognition ...Clustering-based speaker diarization has stood firm as one of the major approaches in reality, despite recent development in end-to-end diarization. However, clustering methods have not been explored extensively for speaker diarization. Commonly-used methods such as k-means, spectral clustering, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering only take into …Overview. For the first time OpenSAT will be partnering with Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) in hosting the Third DIHARD Speech Diarization Challenge (DIHARD III). All DIHARD III evaluation activities (registration, results submission, scoring, and leaderboard display) will be conducted through web-interfaces hosted by OpenSAT. Speaker diarization is an advanced topic in speech processing. It solves the problem "who spoke when", or "who spoke what". It is highly relevant with many other techniques, such as voice activity detection, speaker recognition, automatic speech recognition, speech separation, statistics, and deep learning. It has found various applications in ... Find papers, benchmarks, datasets and libraries for speaker diarization, the task of segmenting and co-indexing audio recordings by speaker. Compare models, methods and results for various …Dec 1, 2012 · Abstract. Speaker indexing or diarization is an important task in audio processing and retrieval. Speaker diarization is the process of labeling a speech signal with labels corresponding to the identity of speakers. This paper includes a comprehensive review on the evolution of the technology and different approaches in speaker indexing and ... Speaker diarization is the process of segmenting audio recordings by speaker labels and aims to answer the question “who spoke when?”. Speaker diarization ma...Clustering speaker embeddings is crucial in speaker diarization but hasn't received as much focus as other components. Moreover, the robustness of speaker diarization across various datasets hasn't been explored when the development and evaluation data are from different domains. To bridge this gap, this study thoroughly …Speaker diarization is a task to label audio or video recordings with classes that correspond to speaker identity, or in short, a task to identify "who spoke when". In the early years, speaker diarization algorithms were developed for speech recognition on multispeaker audio recordings to enable speaker adaptive processing.Figure 1. Speaker diarization is the task of partitioning audio recordings into speaker-homogeneous regions. Speaker diarization must produce accurate timestamps as speaker turns can be extremely short in conversational settings. We often use short back-channel words such as “yes”, “uh-huh,” or “oh.”. Speaker diarization is an advanced topic in speech processing. It solves the problem "who spoke when", or "who spoke what". It is highly relevant with many other techniques, such as voice activity detection, speaker recognition, automatic speech recognition, speech separation, statistics, and deep learning. It has found various applications in ... To enable Speaker Diarization, include your Hugging Face access token (read) that you can generate from Here after the --hf_token argument and accept the user agreement for the following models: Segmentation and Speaker-Diarization-3.1 (if you choose to use Speaker-Diarization 2.x, follow requirements here instead.). Note As of Oct 11, 2023, there is a …Jan 23, 2012 · Speaker diarization is the task of determining “who spoke when?” in an audio or video recording that contains an unknown amount of speech and also an unknown number of speakers. Initially, it was proposed as a research topic related to automatic speech recognition, where speaker diarization serves as an upstream processing step. Over recent years, however, speaker diarization has become an ... Speaker diarization is the task of determining “Who spoke when?”, where the objective is to annotate a continuous audio recording with appropriate speaker labels …Speaker diarization, which is to find the speech seg-ments of specific speakers, has been widely used in human-centered applications such as video conferences or human …Callhome Diarization Xvector Model. An xvector DNN trained on augmented Switchboard and NIST SREs. The directory also contains two PLDA backends for scoring.@article{Xu2024MultiFrameCA, title={Multi-Frame Cross-Channel Attention and Speaker Diarization Based Speaker-Attributed Automatic Speech Recognition …Speaker diarization is the task of determining “Who spoke when?”, where the objective is to annotate a continuous audio recording with appropriate speaker labels …In this paper, we propose a neural speaker diarization (NSD) network architecture consisting of three key components. First, a memory-aware multi-speaker embedding (MA-MSE) mechanism is proposed to facilitate a dynamical refinement of speaker embedding to reduce a potential data mismatch between the speaker embedding extraction and the …What is Speaker Diarization? Speaker diarization is the technical process of splitting up an audio recording stream that often includes a number of speakers …Diarization has received much attention recently. It is the process of automatically splitting the audio recording into speaker segments and determining which segments are uttered by the same speaker. In general, diarization can also encompass speaker verification and speaker identification tasks.Diarization has received much attention recently. It is the process of automatically splitting the audio recording into speaker segments and determining which segments are uttered by the same speaker. In general, diarization can also encompass speaker verification and speaker identification tasks.@article{Xu2024MultiFrameCA, title={Multi-Frame Cross-Channel Attention and Speaker Diarization Based Speaker-Attributed Automatic Speech Recognition …Diart is a python framework to build AI-powered real-time audio applications. Its key feature is the ability to recognize different speakers in real time with state-of-the-art performance, a task commonly known as “speaker diarization”. The pipeline diart.SpeakerDiarization combines a speaker segmentation and a speaker embedding model to ...Our proposed method is to transcribe the calls and perform diarization (the process of recognizating who is speaking at any given time), then performing sentiment analysis on each sentence spoken to understand the emotions the customer is feeling, and the tone of the customer representatives.Speaker diarization requires grouping homogeneous speaker regions when multiple speakers are present in any recording. This task is usually performed with no prior knowledge about speaker voices or their number. The speaker diarization pipeline consists of audio feature extraction where MFCC is usually a choice for representation.Aug 16, 2022 · Speaker diarization is a process of separating individual speakers in an audio stream so that, in the automatic speech recognition transcript, each speaker's utterances are separated. Learn how speaker diarization works, why it is important, what are the common use cases and metrics, and how Deepgram can help you with this task. Speaker diarization, a fundamental step in automatic speech recognition and audio processing, focuses on identifying and separating distinct speakers within an audio recording. Its objective is to divide the audio into segments while precisely identifying the speakers and their respective speaking intervals.With speaker diarization, you can request Amazon Transcribe and Amazon Transcribe Medical to accurately label up to five speakers in an audio stream. Although Amazon Transcribe can label more than five speakers in a stream, the accuracy of speaker diarization decreases if you exceed that number.Aug 16, 2022 · Speaker diarization is a process of separating individual speakers in an audio stream so that, in the automatic speech recognition transcript, each speaker's utterances are separated. Learn how speaker diarization works, why it is important, what are the common use cases and metrics, and how Deepgram can help you with this task. In speech recognition, diarization is a process of automatically partitioning an audio recording into segments that correspond to different speakers. This is done by using …Recent years have seen various attempts to streamline the diarization process by merging distinct steps in the SD pipeline, aiming toward end-to-end diarization models. While some methods operate independently of transcribed text and rely only on the acoustic features, others feed the ASR output to the SD model to enhance the …Installation instructions. Most of these scripts depend on the aku tools that are part of the AaltoASR package that you can find here. You should compile that for your platform first, following these instructions. In this speaker-diarization directory: Add a symlink to the folder AaltoASR/. Add a symlink to the folder AaltoASR/build.Enable Feature. To enable Diarization, use the following parameter in the query string when you call Deepgram’s /listen endpoint : To transcribe audio from a file on your computer, run the following cURL command in a terminal or your favorite API client. Replace YOUR_DEEPGRAM_API_KEY with your Deepgram API Key.Dec 1, 2012 · Abstract. Speaker indexing or diarization is an important task in audio processing and retrieval. Speaker diarization is the process of labeling a speech signal with labels corresponding to the identity of speakers. This paper includes a comprehensive review on the evolution of the technology and different approaches in speaker indexing and ... Dec 14, 2022 · High level overview of what's happening with OpenAI Whisper Speaker Diarization:Using Open AI's Whisper model to seperate audio into segments and generate tr...

Diart is a python framework to build AI-powered real-time audio applications. Its key feature is the ability to recognize different speakers in real time with state-of-the-art performance, a task commonly known as "speaker diarization". The pipeline diart.SpeakerDiarization combines a speaker segmentation and a speaker embedding …. Flights from sfo to paris france

diarization

diarization technologies, both in the space of modularized speaker diarization systems before the deep learning era and those based on neural networks of recent years, a proper group-ing would be helpful.The main categorization we adopt in this paper is based on two criteria, resulting total of four categories, as shown in Table1. A fully supervised speaker diarization approach, named unbounded interleaved-state recurrent neural networks (UIS-RNN), given extracted speaker-discriminative embeddings, which decodes in an online fashion while most state-of-the-art systems rely on offline clustering. Expand. 197. Highly Influential.Aug 16, 2022 · Speaker diarization is a process of separating individual speakers in an audio stream so that, in the automatic speech recognition transcript, each speaker's utterances are separated. Learn how speaker diarization works, why it is important, what are the common use cases and metrics, and how Deepgram can help you with this task. Mar 1, 2022 · Abstract. Speaker diarization is a task to label audio or video recordings with classes that correspond to speaker identity, or in short, a task to identify “who spoke when”. In the early years, speaker diarization algorithms were developed for speech recognition on multispeaker audio recordings to enable speaker adaptive processing. Speaker Diarization is a critical component of any complete Speech AI system. For example, Speaker Diarization is included in AssemblyAI’s Core Transcription offering and users wishing to add speaker labels to a transcription simply need to have their developers include the speaker_labels parameter in their request body and set it to true.Learning robust speaker embeddings is a crucial step in speaker diarization. Deep neural networks can accurately capture speaker discriminative characteristics and popular deep embeddings such as x-vectors are nowadays a fundamental component of modern diarization systems. Recently, some improvements over the standard TDNN …Diart is a python framework to build AI-powered real-time audio applications. Its key feature is the ability to recognize different speakers in real time with state-of-the-art performance, a task commonly known as "speaker diarization". The pipeline diart.SpeakerDiarization combines a speaker segmentation and a speaker embedding …Diart is a python framework to build AI-powered real-time audio applications. Its key feature is the ability to recognize different speakers in real time with state-of-the-art performance, a task commonly known as "speaker diarization". The pipeline diart.SpeakerDiarization combines a speaker segmentation and a speaker embedding …Speaker diarisation (or diarization) is the process of partitioning an audio stream containing human speech into homogeneous segments according to the identity of each speaker. It can enhance the readability of an automatic speech transcription by structuring the audio stream into speaker turns … See moreSpeaker diarization is the process of recognizing “who spoke when.”. In an audio conversation with multiple speakers (phone calls, conference calls, dialogs etc.), the Diarization API identifies the speaker at precisely the time they spoke during the conversation. Below is an example audio from calls recorded at a customer care center ...Speaker Diarization. The Speaker Diarization model lets you detect multiple speakers in an audio file and what each speaker said. If you enable Speaker Diarization, the resulting transcript will return a list of utterances, where each utterance corresponds to an uninterrupted segment of speech from a single speaker. diarization: Indicates that the Speech service should attempt diarization analysis on the input, which is expected to be a mono channel that contains multiple voices. The feature isn't available with stereo recordings. Diarization is the process of separating speakers in audio data. Find papers, benchmarks, datasets and libraries for speaker diarization, the task of segmenting and co-indexing audio recordings by speaker. Compare models, methods and results for various challenges and applications of speaker diarization. SpeechBrain is an open-source PyTorch toolkit that accelerates Conversational AI development, i.e., the technology behind speech assistants, chatbots, and large language models. It is crafted for fast and easy creation of advanced technologies for Speech and Text Processing.In this paper, we present a novel speaker diarization system for streaming on-device applications. In this system, we use a transformer transducer to detect the speaker turns, represent each speaker turn by a speaker embedding, then cluster these embeddings with constraints from the detected speaker turns. Compared with …The public preview of real-time diarization will be available in Speech SDK version 1.31.0, which will be released in early August. Follow the below steps to create a new console application and install the Speech SDK and try out the real-time diarization from file with ConversationTranscriber API. Additionally, we will release detailed ....

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